Sativa and Indica: Understanding the Differences Between Cannabis Strains – What You Need to Know!

Why Knowing Your Cannabis Strains Matters

Cannabis plants come in various types, but the two main ones are Sativa and Indica. Understanding the differences between these two types is crucial in selecting the right strain for your needs and desired effects. This article aims to provide a comprehensive overview of the contrasts between Sativa vs. Indica, including their physical characteristics, effects, medical benefits, strain selection, cultivation differences, and more.

What Are Cannabis Strains?

Cannabis strains refer to the different types of cannabis plants, each with unique characteristics and effects. The two primary categories are Sativa and Indica.

Key Characteristics of Cannabis Strains

• Sativa: Known for its uplifting and energizing effects.
• Indica: Renowned for its relaxing and calming properties.
• Hybrid: A mix of both Sativa and Indica characteristics.

 When comparing indica vs. sativa vs. hybrids, you will notice differences in not only their delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) content but also in the kind of psychoactive effects they induce.1

Different strains of cannabis are used for different ailments or effects. Indica tends to be more relaxing, while sativa is more energizing. Understanding these effects—and why they happen—can help you to pick the correct strain. It allows growers to create new hybrids with different, specific effects.1

This article discusses the difference between indica, sativa, and cannabis hybrids. It also explains the chemical and physical differences between the plants as well as their effects and uses.

	Indica	Sativa	High-THC hybrids like Bedrocan	High-CBD hybrids like Harlequin
Uses	Anxiety, insomnia, depression, pain	Nerve pain, poor appetite, migraines, seizures, GI symptoms, glaucoma	Same as sativa	Same as indica
Effect	Calming	Invigorating	Possibly over-stimulating	Calming
CBD:THC ratio	1.1	3:5	1:22	5:2
Time of day taken	Nighttime	Daytime	Daytime	Nighttime
Plant description	Broad-leafed with a 2-4 feet bush	Thin-leafed plant with a 5-18 foot bush	Varies	Varies
Where it is grown	North America, South America, Europe, Africa, Asia, Australasia	China, India, Nepal, Thailand, Afghanistan, Pakistan, southern and western Africa	Australia, Germany, Italy, Ireland, Netherlands Denmark (Bedrocan)	Thailand, North America (Harlequin)

 

Composition of Indica vs. Sativa vs. Hybrids

Delta-9-tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and cannabidiol (CBD) are two compounds known to produce the effects of cannabis. These compounds, called cannabinoids, affect the brain differently.

Among other things, THC causes the “high” associated with cannabis use, while CBD does not. On the flip side, CBD can help ease symptoms of depression, while THC generally does not.2

To this end, the amount of THC and CBD that indica, sativa, and hybrids contain may enhance certain effects and reduce others. The relative amount of each is described as the CBD:THC ratio (with 1:1 describing an equal amount of each).

Generally speaking, sativa plants contain more THC than CBD, while indica plants either contain more CBD than THC or equal amounts of both.1

There are also certain hybrids that are specifically bred to increase the THC content, including strains like Bedrocan.3 Other hybrids are grown to increase the CBC content, including strains like Harlequin.4

Although the CBD:THC ratio can vary between crops and growers, here is how indica, sativa, and the hybrids generally compare:

• Indica: CBD:THC ratio of 1:15
• Sativa: CBD:THC radio of 3:56
• Bedrocan: CBD:THC ratio of 1:223
• Harlequin: CBD:THC ratio of 5:24

 

Common Uses

Both indica and sativa act on a part of the nervous system called the endocannabinoid system (ECS). But, because their THC and CBD content differ, they act on the ECS in slightly different ways.

THC activates the ECS by binding to two different nerve receptors:

• CB1 receptors mostly found in the central nervous system (the brain and spinal cord) trigger the psychoactive effect of cannabis, including the characteristic “high.” It also stimulates the production of the hormone dopamine which activates the brain’s reward center.7
• CB2 receptors found mainly in the peripheral nervous system (located outside of the brain and spinal cord) are involved with the regulation of inflammation, sensations like pain, and the immune response.8

CBD does not bind to CB1 and CB2 receptors but appears to indirectly stimulate them. By doing so, CBD may exert some of the positive effects of THC, while avoiding some of the psychoactive effects.2

Here is a breakdown of some of the conditions that THC and CBC can treat:9

Effect	THC	CBD
Delivers a euphoric “high”	Yes	No
Ease pains	Yes	Yes
Stimulates appetite	Yes	No
Eases nausea	Yes	Yes
May help reduce depression	Varies	Yes
Reduces anxiety	Yes, unless overused	Yes
Induces sleep	Yes, unless overused	Yes
Reduce inflammation	Yes	Yes
May help ease migraines	Yes	Yes
May help ease tremors or seizures	Yes	No

Because indica and sativa contain different ratios of THC and CBD, their uses can vary. Researchers from the Western University of Health Sciences characterized this in a study published in 2014 based on how indica and sativa were used by consumers:10

• Indica: Because of its higher THC content, indica was preferred for treating medical conditions ranging from headaches, neuropathy, and spasticity to seizures, joint pain, and glaucoma. It was also preferred for chronic nerve pain.
• Sativa: Because of its higher CBD content, sativa was preferred for enhancing energy, improving moods, and alleviating depression and pain without feeling “stoned” or the risk of weight gain.

Among the hybrids, studies have shown that changes in the CBD and THC content also dictate where these strains are used:

• High-THC hybrids: When used for severe pain disorders, neurological conditions, and gastrointestinal symptoms, hybrids like Bedrocan are among the most commonly sought due to their high THC content.3
• High-CBD hybrids: The same beneficial properties of indica may be enhanced with high-CBD strains like Harlequin which are thought to reduce stress, anxiety, and pain.4

 

Effects on the Body

When comparing indica and sativa, the first factor people often consider is how they “make you feel.” Although this can vary, the THC and CBD content determines their effect on the brain and moods.

Comparatively:

• Indica strains are said to have a calming effect on the body and mind due to their higher CBD content. They are often considered “bedtime strains” because they help induce sleep and ease anxiety.11
• Sativa strains are said to be uplifting and cause more of a cerebral “head-high” feeling due to their high THC content. Because they are more invigorating, they are generally recommended for daytime use. If overused, sativa can cause insomnia rather than relieve it.11
• High-THC hybrids like Bedrocan, while potentially beneficial, may move beyond being energizing and cause anxiety and even panic attacks in sensitive people.3
• High-CBD hybrids like Harlequin largely mirror the effects of indica, exerting a “pleasant,” clear-headed, and relaxing effect due to its high CBD/low THC content.4

 

Side Effects

Cannabis use may cause side effects that differ from person to person. Cannabis products that are CBD-predominant (like indica and Harlequin) may cause side effects such as:12

• Nausea
• Fatigue
• Anxiety
• Dry mouth
• Dizziness
• Changes in appetite

Cannabis products that are THC-predominant (like sativa and Bedrocan) can cause the same side effects as CBD-predominant products. However, as THC specifically affects the brain, it can cause other effects like:2

• Changes in mood
• Altered senses
• Impaired body movement
• Hallucinations
• Paranoia

Additionally, research suggests that early THC use in teens and adolescents may impair the brain’s development, affecting memory, thinking, and learning.13

 

Physical Appearance

Growers can immediately tell the difference between indica and sativa plants just by looking at them—their physical differences are that obvious.

Indica plants are shorter. They usually grow up to 2 to 4 feet and are compactly branched, giving them a bushy appearance. Indica leaves are also broader.14

Sativa plants grow taller than indica plants, with the ability to reach between 5 and 18 feet or more. Sativa leaves are thin and the plants have fewer branches.14

Hybrids, created from the cross-breeding or cross-pollination of two different cannabis plants, can vary in appearance depending on the parent plants.

Origins and Genetics of Sativa and Indica

The origins and genetics of cannabis strains play a significant role in their effects.

Sativa Origins

• Regions: Typically found in equatorial regions like Colombia, Mexico, and Thailand.
• Growth Traits: Tall and thin plants with narrow leaves.

Indica Origins

• Regions: Originates from the Hindu Kush region of Afghanistan, Pakistan, and India.
• Growth Traits: Short and bushy plants with broad leaves.

 

Anton Petrus / Getty Images

Effects of Sativa Strains

Sativa strains are popular for their cerebral and stimulating effects, making them ideal for daytime use.

Common Effects of Sativa

• Increased energy and creativity
• Enhanced focus and mood
• Ideal for social activities

Table 1: Sativa Strains and Their Effects

Strain Name	Effects	Best For
Jack Herer	Energizing, Uplifting	Daytime use, Creativity
Sour Diesel	Happy, Focused	Socializing, Productivity

Effects of Indica Strains

Indica strains are known for their body-centric effects, making them suitable for relaxation and nighttime use.

Common Effects of Indica

• Deep relaxation and sedation
• Pain relief and muscle relaxation
• Improved sleep quality

Table 2: Indica Strains and Their Effects

Strain Name	Effects	Best For
Granddaddy Purple	Relaxation, Sleep Aid	Nighttime use, Stress relief
Northern Lights	Calming, Pain Relief	Relaxation, Insomnia

 

Differences in Growth Patterns

The growth patterns of Sativa and Indica strains vary significantly, affecting their cultivation and yield.

Sativa Growth Patterns

• Height: Can grow up to 20 feet tall.
• Flowering Time: Longer flowering period, around 10-16 weeks.
• Yield: Typically lower yield compared to Indica.

Indica Growth Patterns

• Height: Generally grows up to 6 feet tall.
• Flowering Time: Shorter flowering period, around 8-12 weeks.
• Yield: Higher yield compared to Sativa.

Medical Benefits of Sativa Strains

Sativa strains offer various medical benefits, particularly for mental health and mood disorders.

Medical Uses of Sativa

• Depression: Helps improve mood and energy levels.
• ADHD: Enhances focus and concentration.
• Fatigue: Provides a burst of energy.

Table 3: Medical Benefits of Sativa Strains

Condition	Recommended Strain	Effects
Depression	Green Crack	Uplifting, Energizing
ADHD	Durban Poison	Focus, Clarity
Fatigue	Super Lemon Haze	Energy, Motivation

Medical Benefits of Indica Strains

Indica strains are highly effective for physical ailments and conditions requiring relaxation.

Medical Uses of Indica

• Chronic Pain: Provides pain relief and muscle relaxation.
• Insomnia: Improves sleep quality and duration.
• Anxiety: Reduces stress and promotes calmness.

Table 4: Medical Benefits of Indica Strains

Condition	Recommended Strain	Effects
Chronic Pain	Blueberry	Pain Relief, Relaxation
Insomnia	Bubba Kush	Sleep Aid, Calming
Anxiety	Purple Kush	Stress Relief, Sedation

Popular Sativa Strains

Several Sativa strains are well-loved for their specific effects and flavors.

Top Sativa Strains

1. Sour Diesel
2. Jack Herer
3. Durban Poison
4. Green Crack
5. Super Silver Haze

Popular Indica Strains

Indica strains are favored for their potent relaxation and therapeutic benefits.

Top Indica Strains

1. Granddaddy Purple
2. Northern Lights
3. Purple Kush
4. Blueberry
5. OG Kush

How to Choose the Right Strain

Selecting the right cannabis strain depends on your desired effects and personal preferences.

Factors to Consider

• Purpose: Are you seeking relaxation or an energy boost?
• Time of Use: Daytime or nighttime?
• Medical Needs: Specific conditions you want to address.

 

Cultivation Tips for Sativa and Indica

Cultivating Sativa and Indica strains requires different approaches due to their distinct growth patterns.

Sativa Cultivation Tips

• Space: Ensure enough vertical space for tall growth.
• Light: Provide ample light to support the long flowering period.
• Pruning: Regular pruning to manage height.

Indica Cultivation Tips

• Indoor Growth: Suitable for indoor cultivation due to shorter height.
• Temperature: Maintain a consistent and cool environment.
• Harvest Time: Monitor closely to harvest at the right time for maximum yield.

Key Takeaways

Understanding the differences between Sativa and Indica strains helps you choose the right one for your needs.

Summary of Key Points

• Sativa: Energizing, daytime use, mental health benefits.
• Indica: Relaxing, nighttime use, physical health benefits.
• Growth: Different cultivation techniques and yield expectations.
• Medical: Tailor your strain choice to your specific health needs.

 

FAQs

What is the main difference between Sativa and Indica?

The main difference lies in their effects: Sativa strains are uplifting and energizing, while Indica strains are calming and relaxing.

Can I use Sativa strains at night?

It’s generally not recommended as Sativa can keep you awake. Indica strains are better suited for nighttime use. [1].

Are there any hybrid strains?

Yes, hybrid strains combine characteristics of both Sativa and Indica, offering balanced effects.

Which strain is better for anxiety?

Indica strains are typically more effective for reducing anxiety due to their calming properties.

How do I choose the right strain for my needs?

Consider your desired effects, time of use, and any medical conditions you want to address.

Do Sativa strains grow taller than Indica?

Yes, Sativa strains can grow much taller than Indica strains, often requiring more vertical space.

Are Sativa strains good for creativity?

Yes, Sativa strains are known to boost creativity and focus.

 Can I mix Sativa and Indica strains?

Yes, mixing strains can provide a balanced effect, but it’s best to start with small amounts to see how your body reacts.

Can sativa or indica strains cause anxiety?

A: While cannabis strains, including sativa and indica, can have different effects on individuals, some people may experience anxiety or increased paranoia when using certain strains, particularly those high in THC content. It’s recommended to start with lower THC strains or consult with a healthcare professional for personalized guidance [2].

 Are there any side effects of using sativa or indica strains?

The potential side effects of using sativa or indica strains can vary depending on the individual and the strain itself. Common side effects may include dry mouth, red eyes, increased heart rate, impaired coordination, and short-term memory loss. These effects are typically temporary and subside as the cannabis effects wear off

How do I know if a strain is sativa or indica?

A: The classification of a strain as sativa or indica is typically indicated on the product packaging or by the dispensary where it is obtained. Additionally, reputable cannabis databases and websites provide information on specific strains and their classifications. However, it’s important to note that some strains may be hybrids, combining characteristics of both sativa and indica [5].

Can I mix sativa and indica strains?

Yes, it is possible to mix sativa and indica strains. Many cannabis users enjoy the benefits of combining different strains to achieve the desired balance of effects. However, it’s recommended to start with small doses and monitor your body’s response to find the right combination for your needs [5].